1 The following information is from the maildir man page of qmail.
4 maildir is a structure for directories of incoming mail
5 messages. It solves the reliability problems that plague
6 mbox files and mh folders.
9 A machine may crash while it is delivering a message. For
10 both mbox files and mh folders this means that the message
11 will be silently truncated. Even worse: for mbox format,
12 if the message is truncated in the middle of a line, it
13 will be silently joined to the next message. The mail
14 transport agent will try again later to deliver the mes-
15 sage, but it is unacceptable that a corrupted message
16 should show up at all. In maildir, every message is guar-
17 anteed complete upon delivery.
19 A machine may have two programs simultaneously delivering
20 mail to the same user. The mbox and mh formats require
21 the programs to update a single central file. If the pro-
22 grams do not use some locking mechanism, the central file
23 will be corrupted. There are several mbox and mh locking
24 mechanisms, none of which work portably and reliably. In
25 contrast, in maildir, no locks are ever necessary. Dif-
26 ferent delivery processes never touch the same file.
28 A user may try to delete messages from his mailbox at the
29 same moment that the machine delivers a new message. For
30 mbox and mh formats, the user's mail-reading program must
31 know what locking mechanism the mail-delivery programs
32 use. In contrast, in maildir, any delivered message can
33 be safely updated or deleted by a mail-reading program.
35 Many sites use Sun's Network Failure System (NFS), presum-
36 ably because the operating system vendor does not offer
37 anything else. NFS exacerbates all of the above problems.
38 Some NFS implementations don't provide any reliable lock-
39 ing mechanism. With mbox and mh formats, if two machines
40 deliver mail to the same user, or if a user reads mail
41 anywhere except the delivery machine, the user's mail is
42 at risk. maildir works without trouble over NFS.
45 A directory in maildir format has three subdirectories,
46 all on the same filesystem: tmp, new, and cur.
48 Each file in new is a newly delivered mail message. The
49 modification time of the file is the delivery date of the
50 message. The message is delivered without an extra UUCP-
51 style From_ line, without any >From quoting, and without
52 an extra blank line at the end. The message is normally
53 in RFC 822 format, starting with a Return-Path line and a
54 Delivered-To line, but it could contain arbitrary binary
55 data. It might not even end with a newline.
57 Files in cur are just like files in new. The big differ-
58 ence is that files in cur are no longer new mail: they
59 have been seen by the user's mail-reading program.
61 HOW A MESSAGE IS DELIVERED
62 The tmp directory is used to ensure reliable delivery, as
65 A program delivers a mail message in six steps. First, it
66 chdir()s to the maildir directory. Second, it stat()s the
67 name tmp/time.pid.host, where time is the number of sec-
68 onds since the beginning of 1970 GMT, pid is the program's
69 process ID, and host is the host name. Third, if stat()
70 returned anything other than ENOENT, the program sleeps
71 for two seconds, updates time, and tries the stat() again,
72 a limited number of times. Fourth, the program creates
73 tmp/time.pid.host. Fifth, the program NFS-writes the mes-
74 sage to the file. Sixth, the program link()s the file to
75 new/time.pid.host. At that instant the message has been
76 successfully delivered.
78 The delivery program is required to start a 24-hour timer
79 before creating tmp/time.pid.host, and to abort the deliv-
80 ery if the timer expires. Upon error, timeout, or normal
81 completion, the delivery program may attempt to unlink()
84 NFS-writing means (1) as usual, checking the number of
85 bytes returned from each write() call; (2) calling fsync()
86 and checking its return value; (3) calling close() and
87 checking its return value. (Standard NFS implementations
88 handle fsync() incorrectly but make up for it by abusing
92 A mail reader operates as follows.
94 It looks through the new directory for new messages. Say
95 there is a new message, new/unique. The reader may freely
96 display the contents of new/unique, delete new/unique, or
97 rename new/unique as cur/unique:info. See
98 http://pobox.com/~djb/maildir.html for the meaning of
101 The reader is also expected to look through the tmp direc-
102 tory and to clean up any old files found there. A file in
103 tmp may be safely removed if it has not been accessed in
106 It is a good idea for readers to skip all filenames in new
107 and cur starting with a dot. Other than this, readers
108 should not attempt to parse filenames.