Exim is a message transfer agent (MTA) developed at the University of Cambridge for use on Unix systems connected to the Internet. It is freely available under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence. In style it is similar to Smail 3, but its facilities are more general. There is a great deal of flexibility in the way mail can be routed, and there are extensive facilities for checking incoming mail. Exim can be installed in place of sendmail, although the configuration of exim is quite different to that of sendmail.
An expanded, although outdated, introduction is available.
There is an entry for exim on O'Reilly's OSDir.com site. At the time of writing this has very little content, but people may wish to correct that...
The definitive exim version 3 book, written by Philip Hazel, is still available. Orders can be placed through a number of the on-line retailers. A new book covering exim version 4 (to be published by a different publisher) is currently in preparation.