$Cambridge: exim/doc/doc-txt/NewStuff,v 1.55 2005/07/23 20:59:16 tom Exp $ New Features in Exim -------------------- This file contains descriptions of new features that have been added to Exim, but have not yet made it into the main manual (which is most conveniently updated when there is a relatively large batch of changes). The doc/ChangeLog file contains a listing of all changes, including bug fixes. Exim version 4.53 ----------------- TK/01 Added the "success_on_redirect" address verification option. When an address generates new addresses during routing, Exim will abort verification with "success" when more than one address has been generated, but continue to verify a single new address. The latter does not happen when the new "success_on_redirect" option is set, like require verify = recipient/success_on_redirect/callout=10s In that case, verification will succeed when a router generates a new address. Exim version 4.52 ----------------- TF/01 Support for checking Client SMTP Authorization has been added. CSA is a system which allows a site to advertise which machines are and are not permitted to send email. This is done by placing special SRV records in the DNS, which are looked up using the client's HELO domain. At this time CSA is still an Internet-Draft. Client SMTP Authorization checks are performed by the ACL condition verify=csa. This will fail if the client is not authorized. If there is a DNS problem, or if no valid CSA SRV record is found, or if the client is authorized, the condition succeeds. These three cases can be distinguished using the expansion variable $csa_status, which can take one of the values "fail", "defer", "unknown", or "ok". The condition does not itself defer because that would be likely to cause problems for legitimate email. The error messages produced by the CSA code include slightly more detail. If $csa_status is "defer" this may be because of problems looking up the CSA SRV record, or problems looking up the CSA target address record. There are four reasons for $csa_status being "fail": the client's host name is explicitly not authorized; the client's IP address does not match any of the CSA target IP addresses; the client's host name is authorized but it has no valid target IP addresses (e.g. the target's addresses are IPv6 and the client is using IPv4); or the client's host name has no CSA SRV record but a parent domain has asserted that all subdomains must be explicitly authorized. The verify=csa condition can take an argument which is the domain to use for the DNS query. The default is verify=csa/$sender_helo_name. This implementation includes an extension to CSA. If the query domain is an address literal such as [192.0.2.95], or if it is a bare IP address, Exim will search for CSA SRV records in the reverse DNS as if the HELO domain was e.g. 95.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. Therefore it is meaningful to say, for example, verify=csa/$sender_host_address - in fact, this is the check that Exim performs if the client does not say HELO. This extension can be turned off by setting the main configuration option dns_csa_use_reverse = false. If a CSA SRV record is not found for the domain itself, then a search is performed through its parent domains for a record which might be making assertions about subdomains. The maximum depth of this search is limited using the main configuration option dns_csa_search_limit, which takes the value 5 by default. Exim does not look for CSA SRV records in a top level domain, so the default settings handle HELO domains as long as seven (hostname.five.four.three.two.one.com) which encompasses the vast majority of legitimate HELO domains. The dnsdb lookup also has support for CSA. Although dnsdb already supports SRV lookups, this is not sufficient because of the extra parent domain search behaviour of CSA, and (as with PTR lookups) dnsdb also turns IP addresses into lookups in the reverse DNS space. The result of ${lookup dnsdb {csa=$sender_helo_name} } has two space-separated fields: an authorization code and a target host name. The authorization code can be "Y" for yes, "N" for no, "X" for explicit authorization required but absent, or "?" for unknown. PH/01 The amount of output produced by the "make" process has been reduced, because the compile lines are often rather long, making it all pretty unreadable. The new style is along the lines of the 2.6 Linux kernel: just a short line for each module that is being compiled or linked. However, it is still possible to get the full output, by calling "make" like this: FULLECHO='' make -e The value of FULLECHO defaults to "@", the flag character that suppresses command reflection in "make". When you ask for the full output, it is given in addition to the the short output. TF/02 There have been two changes concerned with submission mode: Until now submission mode always left the return path alone, whereas locally-submitted messages from untrusted users have the return path fixed to the user's email address. Submission mode now fixes the return path to the same address as is used to create the Sender: header. If /sender_retain is specified then both the Sender: header and the return path are left alone. Note that the changes caused by submission mode take effect after the predata ACL. This means that any sender checks performed before the fix-ups will use the untrusted sender address specified by the user, not the trusted sender address specified by submission mode. Although this might be slightly unexpected, it does mean that you can configure ACL checks to spot that a user is trying to spoof another's address, for example. There is also a new /name= option for submission mode which allows you to specify the user's full name to be included in the Sender: header. For example: accept authenticated = * control = submission/name=${lookup {$authenticated_id} \ lsearch {/etc/exim/namelist} } The namelist file contains entries like fanf: Tony Finch And the resulting Sender: header looks like Sender: Tony Finch TF/03 The control = fakereject ACL modifier now has a fakedefer counterpart, which works in exactly the same way except it causes a fake SMTP 450 response after the message data instead of a fake SMTP 550 response. You must take care when using fakedefer because it will cause messages to be duplicated when the sender retries. Therefore you should not use fakedefer if the message will be delivered normally. TF/04 There is a new ratelimit ACL condition which can be used to measure and control the rate at which clients can send email. This is more powerful than the existing smtp_ratelimit_* options, because those options only control the rate of commands in a single SMTP session, whereas the new ratelimit condition works across all connections (concurrent and sequential) to the same host. The syntax of the ratelimit condition is: ratelimit = /

/ / If the average client sending rate is less than m messages per time period p then the condition is false, otherwise it is true. The parameter p is the smoothing time constant, in the form of an Exim time interval e.g. 8h for eight hours. A larger time constant means it takes Exim longer to forget a client's past behaviour. The parameter m is the maximum number of messages that a client can send in a fast burst. By increasing both m and p but keeping m/p constant, you can allow a client to send more messages in a burst without changing its overall sending rate limit. Conversely, if m and p are both small then messages must be sent at an even rate. The key is used to look up the data used to calcluate the client's average sending rate. This data is stored in a database maintained by Exim in its spool directory alongside the retry database etc. For example, you can limit the sending rate of each authenticated user, independent of the computer they are sending from, by setting the key to $authenticated_id. The default key is $sender_host_address. Each ratelimit condition can have up to two options. The first option specifies what Exim measures the rate of, and the second specifies how Exim handles excessively fast clients. The per_mail option means that it measures the client's rate of sending messages. This is the default if none of the per_* options is specified. The per_conn option means that it measures the client's connection rate. The per_byte option limits the sender's email bandwidth. Note that it is best to use this option in the DATA ACL; if it is used in an earlier ACL it relies on the SIZE parameter on the MAIL command, which may be inaccurate or completely missing. You can follow the limit m in the configuration with K, M, or G to specify limits in kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes respectively. The per_cmd option means that Exim recomputes the rate every time the condition is processed, which can be used to limit the SMTP command rate. The alias per_rcpt is provided for use in the RCPT ACL instead of per_cmd to make it clear that the effect is to limit the rate at which recipients are accepted. Note that in this case the rate limiting engine will see a message with many recipients as a large high-speed burst. If a client's average rate is greater than the maximum, the rate limiting engine can react in two possible ways, depending on the presence of the strict or leaky options. This is independent of the other counter-measures (e.g. rejecting the message) that may be specified by the rest of the ACL. The default mode is leaky, which avoids a sender's over-aggressive retry rate preventing it from getting any email through. The strict option means that the client's recorded rate is always updated. The effect of this is that Exim measures the client's average rate of attempts to send email, which can be much higher than the maximum. If the client is over the limit it will be subjected to counter-measures until it slows down below the maximum rate. The leaky option means that the client's recorded rate is not updated if it is above the limit. The effect of this is that Exim measures the client's average rate of successfully sent email, which cannot be greater than the maximum. If the client is over the limit it will suffer some counter-measures, but it will still be able to send email at the configured maximum rate, whatever the rate of its attempts. As a side-effect, the ratelimit condition will set the expansion variables $sender_rate containing the client's computed rate, $sender_rate_limit containing the configured value of m, and $sender_rate_period containing the configured value of p. Exim's other ACL facilities are used to define what counter-measures are taken when the rate limit is exceeded. This might be anything from logging a warning (e.g. while measuring existing sending rates in order to define our policy), through time delays to slow down fast senders, up to rejecting the message. For example, # Log all senders' rates warn ratelimit = 0 / 1h / strict log_message = \ Sender rate $sender_rate > $sender_rate_limit / $sender_rate_period # Slow down fast senders warn ratelimit = 100 / 1h / per_rcpt / strict delay = ${eval: 10 * ($sender_rate - $sender_rate_limit) } # Keep authenticated users under control deny ratelimit = 100 / 1d / strict / $authenticated_id # System-wide rate limit defer message = Sorry, too busy. Try again later. ratelimit = 10 / 1s / $primary_hostname # Restrict incoming rate from each host, with a default rate limit # set using a macro and special cases looked up in a table. defer message = Sender rate $sender_rate exceeds \ $sender_rate_limit messages per $sender_rate_period ratelimit = ${lookup {$sender_host_address} \ cdb {DB/ratelimits.cdb} \ {$value} {RATELIMIT} } Warning: if you have a busy server with a lot of ratelimit tests, especially with the per_rcpt option, you may suffer from a performance bottleneck caused by locking on the ratelimit hints database. Apart from making your ACLs less complicated, you can reduce the problem by using a RAM disk for Exim's hints directory, /var/spool/exim/db/. However this means that Exim will lose its hints data after a reboot (including retry hints, the callout cache, and ratelimit data). TK/01 Added an 'spf' lookup type that will return an SPF result for a given email address (the key) and an IP address (the database): ${lookup {tom@duncanthrax.net} spf{217.115.139.137}} The lookup will return the same result strings as they can appear in $spf_result (pass,fail,softfail,neutral,none,err_perm,err_temp). The lookup is armored in EXPERIMENTAL_SPF. Currently, only IPv4 addresses are supported. Patch submitted by Chris Webb . PH/02 There's a new verify callout option, "fullpostmaster", which first acts as "postmaster" and checks the recipient . If that fails, it tries just , without a domain, in accordance with the specification in RFC 2821. PH/03 The action of the auto_thaw option has been changed. It no longer applies to frozen bounce messages. TK/02 There are two new expansion items to help with the implementation of the BATV "prvs" scheme in an Exim configuration: ${prvs {

}{}{[KEYNUM]}} The "prvs" expansion item takes three arguments: A qualified RFC2821 email address, a key and an (optional) key number. All arguments are expanded before being used, so it is easily possible to lookup a key and key number using the address as the lookup key. The key number is optional and defaults to "0". The item will expand to a "prvs"-signed email address, to be typically used with the "return_path" option on a smtp transport. The decision if BATV should be used with a given sender/recipient pair should be done on router level, to avoid having to set "max_rcpt = 1" on the transport. ${prvscheck {
}{}{}} The "prvscheck" expansion item takes three arguments. Argument 1 is expanded first. When the expansion does not yield a SYNTACTICALLY valid "prvs"-scheme address, the whole "prvscheck" item expands to the empty string. If
is a "prvs"-encoded address after expansion, two expansion variables are set up: $prvscheck_address Contains the "prvs"-decoded version of the address from argument 1. $prvscheck_keynum Contains the key number extracted from the "prvs"-address in argument 1. These two variables can be used in the expansion code of argument 2 to retrieve the . The VALIDITY of the "prvs"-signed address is then checked. The result is stored in yet another expansion variable: $prvscheck_result Contains the result of a "prvscheck" expansion: Unset (the empty string) for failure, "1" for success. The "prvscheck" expansion expands to the empty string if
is not a SYNTACTICALLY valid "prvs"-scheme address. Otherwise, argument 3 defines what "prvscheck" expands to: If argument 3 is the empty string, "prvscheck" expands to the decoded version of the address (no matter if it is CRYPTOGRAPHICALLY valid or not). If argument 3 expands to a non-empty string, "prvscheck" expands to that string. Usage example ------------- Macro: PRVSCHECK_SQL = ${lookup mysql{SELECT secret FROM batv_prvs WHERE \ sender='${quote_mysql:$prvscheck_address}'}{$value}} RCPT ACL: # Bounces: drop unsigned addresses for BATV senders deny message = This address does not send an unsigned reverse path. senders = : recipients = +batv_recipients # Bounces: In case of prvs-signed address, check signature. deny message = Invalid reverse path signature. senders = : condition = ${prvscheck {$local_part@$domain}{PRVSCHECK_SQL}{1}} !condition = $prvscheck_result Top-Level Router: batv_redirect: driver = redirect data = ${prvscheck {$local_part@$domain}{PRVSCHECK_SQL}{}} Transport (referenced by router that makes decision if BATV is applicable): external_smtp_batv: driver = smtp return_path = ${prvs {$return_path} \ {${lookup mysql{SELECT \ secret FROM batv_prvs WHERE \ sender='${quote_mysql:$sender_address}'} \ {$value}fail}}} PH/04 There are two new options that control the retrying done by the daemon at startup when it cannot immediately bind a socket (typically because the socket is already in use). The default values reproduce what were built-in constants previously: daemon_startup_retries defines the number of retries after the first failure (default 9); daemon_startup_sleep defines the length of time to wait between retries (default 30s). PH/05 There is now a new ${if condition called "match_ip". It is similar to match_domain, etc. It must be followed by two argument strings. The first (after expansion) must be an IP address or an empty string. The second (after expansion) is a restricted host list that can match only an IP address, not a host name. For example: ${if match_ip{$sender_host_address}{1.2.3.4:5.6.7.8}{...}{...}} The specific types of host list item that are permitted in the list are shown below. Consult the manual section on host lists for further details. . An IP address, optionally with a CIDR mask. . A single asterisk matches any IP address. . An empty item matches only if the IP address is empty. This could be useful for testing for a locally submitted message or one from specific hosts in a single test such as ${if match_ip{$sender_host_address}{:4.3.2.1:...}{...}{...}} where the first item in the list is the empty string. . The item @[] matches any of the local host's interface addresses. . Lookups are assumed to be "net-" style lookups, even if "net-" is not specified. Thus, the following are equivalent: ${if match_ip{$sender_host_address}{lsearch;/some/file}... ${if match_ip{$sender_host_address}{net-lsearch;/some/file}... You do need to specify the "net-" prefix if you want to specify a specific address mask, for example, by using "net24-". PH/06 The "+all" debug selector used to set the flags for all possible output; it is something that people tend to use semi-automatically when generating debug output for me or for the list. However, by including "+memory", an awful lot of output that is very rarely of interest was generated. I have changed this so that "+all" no longer includes "+memory". However, "-all" still turns everything off. Version 4.51 ------------ PH/01 The format in which GnuTLS parameters are written to the gnutls-param file in the spool directory has been changed. This change has been made to alleviate problems that some people had with the generation of the parameters by Exim when /dev/random was exhausted. In this situation, Exim would hang until /dev/random acquired some more entropy. The new code exports and imports the DH and RSA parameters in PEM format. This means that the parameters can be generated externally using the certtool command that is part of GnuTLS. To replace the parameters with new ones, instead of deleting the file and letting Exim re-create it, you can generate new parameters using certtool and, when this has been done, replace Exim's cache file by renaming. The relevant commands are something like this: # rm -f new.params # touch new.params # chown exim:exim new.params # chmod 0400 new.params # certtool --generate-privkey --bits 512 >new.params # echo "" >>new.params # certtool --generate-dh-params --bits 1024 >> new.params # mv new.params params If Exim never has to generate the parameters itself, the possibility of stalling is removed. PH/02 A new expansion item for dynamically loading and calling a locally- written C function is now provided, if Exim is compiled with EXPAND_DLFUNC=yes set in Local/Makefile. The facility is not included by default (a suitable error is given if you try to use it when it is not there.) If you enable EXPAND_DLFUNC, you should also be aware of the new redirect router option forbid_filter_dlfunc. If you have unprivileged users on your system who are permitted to create filter files, you might want to set forbid_filter_dlfunc=true in the appropriate router, to stop them using ${dlfunc to run code within Exim. You load and call an external function like this: ${dlfunc{/some/file}{function}{arg1}{arg2}...} Once loaded, Exim remembers the dynamically loaded object so that it doesn't reload the same object file in the same Exim process (but of course Exim does start new processes frequently). There may be from zero to eight arguments to the function. When compiling a local function that is to be called in this way, local_scan.h should be included. The Exim variables and functions that are defined by that API are also available for dynamically loaded functions. The function itself must have the following type: int dlfunction(uschar **yield, int argc, uschar *argv[]) Where "uschar" is a typedef for "unsigned char" in local_scan.h. The function should return one of the following values: OK Success. The string that is placed in "yield" is put into the expanded string that is being built. FAIL A non-forced expansion failure occurs, with the error message taken from "yield", if it is set. FAIL_FORCED A forced expansion failure occurs, with the error message taken from "yield" if it is set. ERROR Same as FAIL, except that a panic log entry is written. When compiling a function that is to be used in this way with gcc, you need to add -shared to the gcc command. Also, in the Exim build-time configuration, you must add -export-dynamic to EXTRALIBS. TF/01 $received_time is a new expansion variable containing the time and date as a number of seconds since the start of the Unix epoch when the current message was received. PH/03 There is a new value for RADIUS_LIB_TYPE that can be set in Local/Makefile. It is RADIUSCLIENTNEW, and it requests that the new API, in use from radiusclient 0.4.0 onwards, be used. It does not appear to be possible to detect the different versions automatically. PH/04 There is a new option called acl_not_smtp_mime that allows you to scan MIME parts in non-SMTP messages. It operates in exactly the same way as acl_smtp_mime PH/05 It is now possible to redefine a macro within the configuration file. The macro must have been previously defined within the configuration (or an included file). A definition on the command line using the -D option causes all definitions and redefinitions within the file to be ignored. In other words, -D overrides any values that are set in the file. Redefinition is specified by using '==' instead of '='. For example: MAC1 = initial value ... MAC1 == updated value Redefinition does not alter the order in which the macros are applied to the subsequent lines of the configuration file. It is still the same order in which the macros were originally defined. All that changes is the macro's value. Redefinition makes it possible to accumulate values. For example: MAC1 = initial value ... MAC1 == MAC1 and something added This can be helpful in situations where the configuration file is built from a number of other files. PH/06 Macros may now be defined or redefined between router, transport, authenticator, or ACL definitions, as well as in the main part of the configuration. They may not, however, be changed within an individual driver or ACL, or in the local_scan, retry, or rewrite sections of the configuration. PH/07 $acl_verify_message is now set immediately after the failure of a verification in an ACL, and so is available in subsequent modifiers. In particular, the message can be preserved by coding like this: warn !verify = sender set acl_m0 = $acl_verify_message Previously, $acl_verify_message was set only while expanding "message" and "log_message" when a very denied access. PH/08 The redirect router has two new options, sieve_useraddress and sieve_subaddress. These are passed to a Sieve filter to specify the :user and :subaddress parts of an address. Both options are unset by default. However, when a Sieve filter is run, if sieve_useraddress is unset, the entire original local part (including any prefix or suffix) is used for :user. An unset subaddress is treated as an empty subaddress. PH/09 Quota values can be followed by G as well as K and M. PH/10 $message_linecount is a new variable that contains the total number of lines in the header and body of the message. Compare $body_linecount, which is the count for the body only. During the DATA and content-scanning ACLs, $message_linecount contains the number of lines received. Before delivery happens (that is, before filters, routers, and transports run) the count is increased to include the Received: header line that Exim standardly adds, and also any other header lines that are added by ACLs. The blank line that separates the message header from the body is not counted. Here is an example of the use of this variable in a DATA ACL: deny message = Too many lines in message header condition = \ ${if <{250}{${eval: $message_linecount - $body_linecount}}} In the MAIL and RCPT ACLs, the value is zero because at that stage the message has not yet been received. PH/11 In a ${run expansion, the variable $value (which contains the standard output) is now also usable in the "else" string. PH/12 In a pipe transport, although a timeout while waiting for the pipe process to complete was treated as a delivery failure, a timeout while writing the message to the pipe was logged, but erroneously treated as a successful delivery. Such timeouts include transport filter timeouts. For consistency with the overall process timeout, these timeouts are now treated as errors, giving rise to delivery failures by default. However, there is now a new Boolean option for the pipe transport called timeout_defer, which, if set TRUE, converts the failures into defers for both kinds of timeout. A transport filter timeout is now identified in the log output. Version 4.50 ------------ The documentation is up-to-date for the 4.50 release. ****